ASNT Industry Handbook: Aerospace NDT
The Technical and Education Council is preparing this volume for future publication.
Outline
- 1. Introduction
- Purpose of the Aerospace Handbook
- Importance of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) to the Aerospace Industry
- History
- 2. Aerospace Structure
- Introduction
- Vehicles
- Aircraft
- Spacecraft
- Missiles and Rockets
- Propulsion Systems
- Civilian and Military Aircraft Propulsion
- Missiles and Rocket Propulsion
- Importance of NDT
- Conceptual and Initial Design Phases
- Primary Design and Fabrication
- Structural Failure Modes
- Elastic Deformation
- Plastic Deformation
- Buckling
- Fatigue
- Creep
- Corrosion
- Hydrogen Embrittlement
- Wear
- Evolution of Structural Design and Fatigue Considerations
- Regulatory Evolution
- Fatigue Effects on Aircraft Design
- Static Life, Infinite Life and Safe Life
- Damage Tolerant Design
- Pre Existing Damage Growth
- Slow Crack Growth
- Fail-Safe Design
- Institution of Modern Damage Tolerance Programs
- Widespread Fatigue Damage
- Corrosion, Surface Finish, Wear and Erosion, and Aging Aircraft
- Structural Design and Damage Tolerance for Composite Materials
- Composite Materials
- Carbon Fiber Composites
- Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiber Laminates
- Fatigue and Composites
- Composite Structure
- Structure Durability, Damage Resistance and Damage Tolerance of Composites
- Bonded Assemblies
- Laminate Bonds
- Sandwich Structure
- Bond Certification
- In-Service NDT
- 3. Reliability
- Introduction to Reliability of NDT
- Probability of Detection (POD) and Other Performance Measures
- POD Estimation
- False Call Rates
- Receiver Operating Characteristic
- Common Mistakes in Estimation of NDT Reliability
- Human Factors and NDT
- Model Assisted POD
- 4. Inspection Method Selection Cross Reference Tables
- Material Tables
- Composite Laminate
- Foam Composite
- Honeycomb Structure
- Non-metals
- Castings
- Forgings
- Machined Parts
- Fastened Structure
- Welded Joints
- Bonded Joint Assemblies
- Coatings
- Engines and Motors
- Subsystems
- In-Service or Damaged Structure
- Electronics
- Methods Tables
- 5. Visual Testing
- Introduction
- Optics
- Vision Acuity
- Instruments
- Magnifying Lenses
- Borescopes
- Micro Borescopes
- Fiber Optic Borescopes
- Video Borescopes
- Optical Techniques
- Diffracted Light
- Optical Profilers
- Photogrammetry
- Fringe Measurements
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Applications
- Aircraft
- Engines
- 6. Liquid Penetrant Testing
- Introduction
- Penetrant Principles
- Methods
- Penetrant Materials
- Penetrant Processes
- Safety
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Probability of Detection
- Process Performance
- Human Performance
- Applications
- 7. Magnetic Particle Testing
- Principles
- Magnetic Methods
- Magnetization Fields
- Field Intensity
- Magnetic Particles
- Magnetic Particle Wet Bath Strength
- Standards and Specifications
- Standards
- Calibration and System Performance of Equipment
- Safety Concerns
- Applications
- 8. Electromagnetic Testing
- Principles
- Introduction
- Electromagnetic Theory
- Methods
- Basic Eddy Current Testing
- Factors that can affect Eddy Current Testing
- Multiple Frequency Testing
- Pulse Eddy Current
- Eddy Current Sensor Arrays
- Signal Processing
- Remote Field Testing
- Meandering Winding Magnetometer
- Magneto-Optic Imagers
- Magneto-Resistive Sensing
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Test Procedures for Electromagnetic Testing
- Electromagnetic Testing Standards
- Personnel Qualification and Certification
- Aerospace Applications of Eddy Current Testing
- Introduction
- Advantages of Electromagnetic Testing
- Limitations of Eddy Current Testing
- Conductivity Measurements
- Coating Thickness Measurements
- Layer Thickness Measurements
- Corrosion Inspection
- Crack Detection
- Bolthole Inspection
- Examination of Engine Components
- 9. Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
- Principles
- Wave Behavior
- Sources and Detection of Ultrasound
- Basic Methods
- Pulse Echo and Through-Transmission
- Resonance
- Phased Array
- Specialized or Emerging Methods
- Air Coupled UT
- Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
- Laser UT
- Spectroscopy
- Surface Waves
- Guided or Lamb Waves
- Nonlinear Acoustics
- Real Time Imaging
- Acoustic Holography
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Application Examples
- 10. Radiographic Testing
- Radiographic Principles
- Physics of X-Ray Attenuation
- Radiographic X-Ray Sources
- Exposure Factor
- Radiographic Detection and Imaging
- Radiologic Techniques
- Film Radiography
- Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Phosphor)
- Radioscopy
- Digital Detector Arrays
- Computed Tomography
- Factors Affecting Image Quality
- Contrast Sensitivity
- Spatial Resolution
- Scattered Radiation
- Artifacts
- Orientation
- Radiographic Sensitivity Measurement
- Image Quality Indicators
- Contrast Sensitivity
- Detail Sensitivity
- Radiographic Interpretation
- General
- Film Interpretation
- Specialized Methods
- Laminography
- Stereo Radiography
- Reverse Geometry X-Ray
- Backscatter
- Flash Radiography
- Neutron Radiography
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Applications
- Advantages and Limitations
- What Can Go Wrong Table
- Castings
- Welds
- Honeycomb
- Corrosion
- Cracks
- Composites
- Wear
- Geometry
- Electronics
- 11. Infrared and Thermal Testing
- Principles
- Irradiation ues
- Heat Gun
- Flash Lamp
- Pulsed
- Phase Locked
- Vibrothermography
- Specifications
- Applications
- Advantages and Limitations
- "What Can Go Wrong" Table
- Moisture Detection
- Electrical Components
- Patch Repair
- 12. Shearography and Holography
- Introduction
- Background
- Development
- Glossary of Terms
- Principles of Operation
- Shearography NDT Techniques
- Holographic Interferometry NDT
- Stress Loading
- Shearography Image
- Advantages and Limitations
- Laser and Sound Safety
- Referenced Documents and Standards
- Applications
- Setup
- Selecting the Field of the View (FOV)
- Definition of Defect Indication
- Image scale and FOV
- Calibration
- Standards
- Thermal Loading Shearography Examples
- Vacuum Loading Shearography Examples
- Pressure Loading Shearography Examples
- Vibration Shearography Examples
- NDT System Configurations
- 13. Acoustic Emission Testing
- Principles
- Methods
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Applications
- Advantages and Limitations
- "What Can Go Wrong" Table
- Examples
- Pressure Vessel
- Structural Test
- Aircraft Monitoring
- 14. Bond Testing - NTIAC State of the Art Report
- Bond Testing Principles
- Methods
- Tap Testing
- Mechanical Impedance
- Acoustic Resonance
- Shock Waves
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Applications
- Table of Bond Test Options with Advantages and Limitations
- "What Can Go Wrong" Table
- Examples
- Composite Sandwich Structure
- Composite Bonds
- Metallic Bonds
- 15. Structural Health Monitoring
- Principles
- Methods
- Relevant Standards and Specifications
- Applications
- Advantages and Limitations
- Examples
- 16. Material Characterization
- Barkhausen
- Dielectric Capacitance
- Four Point Potential Drop
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Positron Annihilation
- 17. Additional Topics
- Microwave Testing
- Microwave Principles
- Microwave Techniques
- Specifications
- Aerospace Applications
- Leak Testing
- Principles
- Table of Techniques' Advantages and Limitations
- Magnetic Resonance
- Beta Backscatter
- Infrared Surface Surveying
- Vibration Resonance Analysis
- Data Fusion
- 18. Reference Tables, Formulas, Equations
- English to Metric Conversion
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Microwave Bands
- Periodic Table of the Elements
- Temperature Conversion Table
- Ultrasonic Parameters for Materials
- Density
- Wave Speeds
- Acoustic Impedance
- Electromagnetic Parameters for Materials
- Conductivity and Resistance
- Permeability
- Dielectric Constant
- X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients
- Neutron Cross Sections
- Fluorescence Lines
- Thermal Parameters for Materials
- Heat Capacity
- Reflectivity and Absorption
- Diffusion Coefficient
- Equations Common in NDT
- 19. Glossary and Symbols
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